In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Mcgregor named these assumptions as theory x and theory this essay would examine the pros and cons of this theory of employee motivation, followed by writer s opinion. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. There is no question that theory x and theory y had an incredible impact on management thinking. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Theory z william ouchi first things first theory z is not a mcgregor idea and as such is not mcgregors extension of his xy theory. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. In 2012, his third novel, even the dogs, was awarded the international dublin literary award. This refers to an authoritarian management style, where reward and punishment is seen as the best way to motivate employees to meet objectives. In this essay i will elaborate more on the douglas mcgregors theory x and y as well as how the theory has added value in the methods of the management that managers today use to reach organizational goals. In 1993 mcgregor was listed as the most popular management writer alongside henri fayol andreas huczynski, management gurus what makes them and how to become one.
While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. To start off with, heres a brief definition of mcgregors theory x and theory y. In 1895, it was here that his grandfather, thomas mcgregor started his business and given its name as, mcgregor institute. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Davis colonel tooele army depot douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise 1960, changed the path of management. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. The author responds to a widespread misinterpretation of theory x and y and presents the position that mcgregor s work is, in fact, a contingency approach to management and leadership. Many theorists support that mcgregor s theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. These managers assume that people dont enjoy work in fact, they would surely avoid doing it. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he. Evaluating mcgregors theory as an approach to management. The theory x management style is based on a pessimistic view of human nature and assumes the following. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the. Mcgregor propounded theories x and y which explain the nature of man as viewed by different schools of thought. According to mcgregor 1960, 1966, management styles that the supervisors apply in a work setting range from theory x. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words. Proposed theory x and theory y to be recognized as motivational theories in developing managerial leadership.
The main purpose of this study is to take a closer look at how teachers work with writing and to examine some theories on the teaching of writing. Mcgregors theories x and y introduction to business. The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Theory y therefore offers a more successful and more positive approach to employee motivation than theory x. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Following are the merits of mcgregors approach to explaining human behaviour. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work. It became very popular in the field of hr and it was a model that helped shift management from the negative paradigm to a positive spin. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. According to theory x, managers assume that the average employee is lazy, dislikes work, are incapable of selfdirection and will not indulge in hard work. His second and fourth novels were longlisted for the booker prize in 2006 and 2017 respectively. She is also a content writer, business coach and company trainer and lives in the netherlands europe. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his thoughts on the different ways in which.
Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of bangladesh article pdf available november 2017 with 9,339 reads. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and. According to mcgregor 1960, the more pessimistic view of human naturetheory xwhich he claimed was the predominant perspective in the 1950s, was based on three assumptions. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices.
Management treats workers as units of production rather than recognizing them as human beings who have other needs that must. Introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. He proposes what he believes is a more practical alternative. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words 4 pages. In the 1960s, douglas mcgregor from mit came up with the theoryx and theoryy to describe styles of managers. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Xteacher and theory yteacher aboluays anas musings. This is the idea behind douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y.
This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was an american organizational theorist and management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. I also would like to compare and contrast the two theories and detail how theory y fits better into the public administration field. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices popo is a raafat of abraham maslow. Douglas mcgregor taught psychology and industrial management at mit and was president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. In 2002, his first novel was longlisted for the booker prize, making him the youngest ever contender. In 1960 he published the human side of management, in which he introduced the concept of theory x and theory y styles of management. At the time of mcgregors writing, there was increasing attention being given to the human and organizational costs resulting from the scientific management.
The point of my analogy, however, is that the application of theory in this field is a slow. All employees do not want to work other than to maintain a standard of living. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side of enterprise 1960. Kopelman professor of management baruch college david j. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. The classical organizational approach that mcgregor associated with theory x.
Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. A study of ways of working with writing in the 9th grade emelie ahlsen and nathalie lundh. Douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. Prottas assistant professor of management adelphi university anne l. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Jon mcgregor born 1976 is a british novelist and short story writer. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y biography of douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor was born on 1906 in detroit, america. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Theory x and theory y wellknow n to personnel managers in alfield l s do not translate wel intl o practice, say thiss writer.
Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Newton professional manager isn every field are familiar with douglas mcgregors. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Implications of mcgregors theory on teaching method mcgregors theory x and y. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954. He also taught at the indian institute of management calcutta. I would like to apply the same theories in education describing teacherx and teachery. What are the advantages and disadvantages of theory x and. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Theory x was mcgregors name for the style of management most in use at the time.
The first being theory y mangers and theory x managers waddell, jones, george 2010, p. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. The author sets forth a model of how theory y relates to managerial style and behavior. Theory z was developed by william ouchi, in his book 1981 theory z. Leaders know best, and should closely direct actions taken by staff, with little room for independence and.
Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. How american business can meet the japanese challenge. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Mcgregor believed that managers basic beliefs have a dominant influence. It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles and has formed the basis for much subsequent writing on the subject. The first part asked a participant to write creative and imaginative stories in. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. Major american writers, such as rosabeth moss kanter, warren bennis and tom peters, whose writings have much influence on. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his article, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor, 1957 and were expanded upon in his book with the same title mcgregor, 1960. Although mcgregor s theory may be employed in few corporations, this theory is generally not applicable in most contemporary chinese organizations. Douglas mcgregor, one of maslow s students, influenced the study of motivation with his formulation of two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature theory x and theory y. I would like to compare douglas mcgregors theory x and y sets of human behavior assumptions with detailed information relating to mcgregors research and the philosophy behind each set x and y.